Blue mass

 ( Mercury ) 

Blue mass (also known as blue pill or pilula hydrargyri) was the name of a mercury-based medical treatment for syphilis common from the 17th to the 19th centuries. The oldest formula is ascribed to famous corsair Hayreddin Barbarossa, in a letter to Francis I of France.Frazer, William. Elements of Materia Medica. Dublin, 1851, p. 173.

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Description Blue mass was used as a specific treatment for syphilis from at least the late 17th century to the early 18th.Marten, John. A Treatise of the Venereal Disease. London, 1711, p. 630. Blue mass was recommended as a remedy for such widely varied complaints as tuberculosis, constipation, toothache, parasite, and the pains of childbirth.

The Edinburgh New Dispensatory (1789) instructs the making as follows: "Pilula ex Hydrargyro London (Quicksilver-pills). Take of Purified quicksilver, Extract of liquorice, having the consistence of honey, of each two drams, Liquorice, finally powdered, one dram. Rub the quicksilver with the extract of liquorice until the globules disappear; then, add the liquorice-powder, mix them together."

A combination of blue mass and a mixture called the common black draught was a standard cure for constipation in early 19th century England and elsewhere. It was particularly valued on of the Royal Navy, where and officers were constrained to eat rock-hard Corned beef and Salt pork, old stale biscuits (hardtack), and very little fruit, dietary fiber, or other fresh food once they were at sea for an extended period.

It was a compounding, compounded by pharmacists themselves based on their own recipes or on one of several widespread recipes. It was sold in the form of blue or gray pills, or syrup. Its name probably derives from the use of blue dye or blue chalk (used as a buffer) in some formulations.

The ingredients of blue mass varied, as each pharmacy prepared it himself, but they all included mercury in elemental or compound form (often as mercury chloride, also known as calomel). One recipe of the period for blue mass syrup included: King's American Dispensatory, 1898.

• 33% mercury (measured by weight)
• 5% licorice
• 25% Althaea (possibly hollyhock or marshmallow)
• 3% glycerol
• 34% rose honey

Blue pills were produced by substituting milk sugar and rose oil for the glycerol and rose honey. Pills contained one grain (64.8 milligrams) of mercury.

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Toxicity Mercury is now known to be toxic, and ingestion of mercury leads to mercury poisoning, a form of heavy-metal poisoning. While mercury is still used in compound form in some types of medicines and for other purposes, blue mass contained excessive amounts of the metal: a typical daily dose of two or three blue mass pills represented ingestion of more than one hundred times the daily limits set by the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States today.

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Use by Abraham Lincoln For several years before his election to the presidency, Abraham Lincoln is known to have taken blue-mass pills for treatment of chronic melancholia. It's been reported that during this time, Lincoln was known to have experienced neurological symptoms, including insomnia, tremor and rage attacks, which suggests he may have been suffering from mercury poisoning. However, a few months after his inauguration, Lincoln reportedly stopped taking the medication because he perceived the pills made him "cross".

In 2001, a study led by renowned public-health investigator Norbert Hirschhorn recreated a typical formulation, concluding that the quantity of blue mass that Lincoln likely took would have delivered "a daily dose of mercury exceeding the current Environmental Protection Agency safety standard by nearly 9000 times," which may have adversely affected his health.

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External links

• Blue Mass
• Abe Lincoln's Blue Mass Pills
• Abraham Lincoln and His Little Blue Pills
• Did Mercury in "Little Blue Pills" Impact Abraham Lincoln's Melancholy?

Categories: Mercury, Withdrawn Drugs

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